Cryogenics And The Future :: essays research papers

Cryogenics and the Future     Cryogenics is a study that is of peachy importance to the human race andhas been a major project for engineers for the conk 100 years. Cryogenics,which is derived from the Greek word kryos meaning "Icy Cold," is the study of be at low temperatures. However low is not even the sound word for thetemperatures involved in cryogenics, seeing as the highest temperature dealtwith in cryogenics is 100 (C (-148 (F) and the lowest temperature go ford, is theunattainable temperature -273.15 (C (-459.67 (F). Also, when speaking ofcryogenics, the terms Celsius and Fahrenheit are rarely used. Insteadscientists use a different measurement c exclusivelyed the super C (K). The Kelvin scalefor Cryogenics goes from 173 K to a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero.There are also devil main sciences used in cryogenics, and they areSuperconductivity and Superfluidity.     Cryogenics first came near in 1877, when a S wiss Physicist named RasulPictet and a French Engineer named Louis P. Cailletet liquefy oxygen for thefirst cartridge holder. Cailletet created liquid oxygen in his lab using a process known asadiabatic expansion, which is a "thermodynamic process in which the temperatureof a gas is expanded without adding or extracting set off from the gas or thesurrounding system"(Vance 26). At the same time Pictet used the "Joule-ThompsonEffect," a thermodynamic process that states that the "temperature of a fluid is decreased in a process involving expansion below a veritable temperature andpressure"(McClintock 4). After Cailletet and Pictet, a third method, known ascascading, was veritable by Karol S. Olszewski and Zygmut von Wroblewski inPoland. At this point in history atomic number 8 was now able to be liquefied at 90 K, past soon after liquid Nitrogen was obtained at 77 K, and because of theseadvancements scientist all over the world began competing in a race to lower thetemperature of effect to Absolute Zero (0 K) Vance, 1-10.     Then in 1898, James DeWar mad a major advance when he succeeded inliquifying hydrogen at 20 K. The reason this advance was so spectacular wasthat at 20 K hydrogen is also boiling, and this presented a very difficulthandling and transshipment center problem. DeWar solved this problem by inventing a double-walled storage container known as the DeWar flask, which could contain and holdthe liquid hydrogen for a few days. However, at this time scientists realizedthat if they were going to make any more advances they would cast off to have betterholding containers. So, scientists came up with insulation techniques that westill use today.