Mechanical barrier against infection

mechanic barrier against contagionTake Home Midterm1.) unmatchable spokesperson of a mechanical barrier against infection would be the surface horizontal surface of our skin. The surface layer of gentle skin is acidic and very dry, thus making it difficult for pathogens to survive. In humanitarian to this, the surface layer of charitable skin consists of dead epithelial cells, under which m whatsoever viruses see barrier replicating. Moreover, dead epithelial skin cells atomic lean 18 frequently being replaced, and thus pathogens that ar present on the skin often do non bring forth a chance to cause infection. in that locationfore, the surface layer of human skin is a very important mechanical barrier against infections. some(prenominal)times they atomic number 18 circumstances under which the surface layer of our skin displace be compromised, thus resulting in infection. Several breaches to the surface layer such(prenominal)(prenominal) as through bites, burns, cuts, or trauma can exclusivelyow for bacteria to enter into the tissue, thus resulting in infection. One such physical exercise of an infection that can result from a breach of the skin is Rocky portion spotted fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted from a bite from an infected tick. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused from the bacterial organism Rickettsia rickettsii and may cause fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and joint pain. In access to this, burns to the surface layer of the skin can destroy the tutelar layer and thus allow for umpteen types of bacteria such as staphylococci to colonize and infect the individual. Thus, the surface layer of our skin is an extremely important mechanical barrier against infection and protects us from surface and environmental pathogens.Church, Diedre, Owen Reid, and Brent Winston. Burn smart Infections. ClinicalMicrobiology Reviews 2nd ser. 19 (2006) 403-34. PubMed Central. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . number in States. Centers f or Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Viral andRickettsial Diseases. CDC, 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 31 Mar. 2010..2.) In recent years, globalization has lead to many issues associated with victuals borne unwellnesses. Some of the factors re noveld to this issue are an increase in the total of forage that is traded mingled with countries, international travel and migration of individuals from different countries, and economic and technological advances that consume changed the types of foods that individuals eat. In addition to this, the ways in which foods are prepared are changing, and the introduction of new foods to new regions are some of the factors alter food borne illnesses. Further more than, dietary habits of individuals are beginning to shift to a fitter diet and more and more individuals are starting to eat more organic and fresh food. To be able to meet these demands, the United States and separate countries throw off to import authorized(a) foods on a se asonal basis. For example, agree to the CDC, more than 75% of the fresh fruits and vegetables that are available in U.S. markets and restaurants are imported. It has been estimated that the increased demand for fruits and vegetables has nearly doubled the rates of food borne illnesses. Therefore, individuals are at a greater risk to acquire a food borne illness from contaminated food that is imported from different countries.Currently, one of the largest consequences of globalization and international trading is that when food becomes contaminated it can spread all over the world. In years past, food borne illnesses were thought to be local events and it was easier to ascertain the cause of the illness. However, this is no longstanding the good example and takes much longer now that globalization has occurred. One example of a food borne illness that spread to different countries was an outbreak of shigellosis in eight restaurants caused by a common strain of Shigella sonnei th at occurred in the United States and Canada between July and lordly in 1998. It was determined that the illness was associated from the ingestion of parsley. In each case the parsley was found to suck up been chopped and left at agency temperature for several hours before being used. In addition to this, in 6 of the outbreaks it was found that the parsley was traced to a specific farm in Baja California, Mexico. Thus, it was believably that the parsley had been contaminated before shipment. Therefore, as seen from these examples, globalization has had a major touch on on food borne illnesses and with changes in dietary habits, the increase in international travel and migration, and an increase in imported foods have been some of the main reasons associated with food borne illnesses relating to globalization.Angier. A World in effort The spherical Movement of People, Products, Pathogens, andPower. The field of study Academies Press. 2001. Web. 31 Mar. 2010.United States. Cen ters for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for morbificDiseases. Foodborne Disease Control A Transnational Challenge. By D. W. Betthcer. 4th ed. Vol. 3. capital of Georgia CDC, 2010. National Center for infected Diseases. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. .United States. World health Organization. Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. Web. 31Mar. 2010. .3). According to Dr. Nelson El-Amins trounce, inoculations have had a large impact on pathogenic disease rates. One such disease that has seen a dramatic decrease in the flesh of individuals affected is tetanus. According to the lecture, the number of individuals that had Tetanus in 1947 was more or less 560-570. Since vaccination for Tetanus has occurred in the United States, there has been a steady bulge outward(prenominal) decrease in the number of individuals affected. In 2002, the number of individuals affected with Tetanus was or so 10-20. In addition to this, a nonher disease that has strongly rock-bottom due to va ccination is the rates of individuals affected with Diphtheria. According to the lecture, in 1940, the number of individuals affected with Diphtheria was nearly 16,000. Since vaccination for Diphtheria, the rates of those infected have significantly decreased. In 2000, the rate for those infected with Diphtheria was al around non-existent. And finally, a nonher example that was presented in Dr. El-Amins lecture was disease rates for polio. At one time, Polio was the most feared disease in United States and caused either paralysis or death. ahead there was a vaccination for Polio, Polio affected more than 20,000 individuals per year. In 1955, the first Polio vaccination was licensed and had a significant impact on the rates of those affected with Polio. Today, there arent any reported cases of Polio in the United States. Thus, as seen from the examples presented in Dr. El-Amins lecture, vaccinations have had a significant impact in reducing the disease rates for many infectious d iseases, and in some cases, such as Polio, vaccinations have just about tout ensemble eliminated Polio in the United States.El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of vaccinum Preventable Diseases.PM 527 infective Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture.4). In 1879, Robert Koch notice the anthrax bacterium and developed the Kochs postu deeplys for causation. There are 4 postulates that Koch believed mustiness be satisfied in order to establish causation. The postulates state the bacteria must be present in every case of the disease, the bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in subtle culture, the specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host, and that the bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host. One such example of an infectious disease that satisfies the Kochs postulates is Anthrax. Anthrax was the first infectious disease that was notice by Koch, and it was this disease that gave birth to his 4 postulates.On the contrary, there are exceptions of certain infectious diseases that do not satisfy all of the Kochs postulates. There are many infectious diseases in which infected carriers do not show the signs or symptoms of having the disease. These individuals are thus asymptomatic. One example of this is from the Bartonella species of bacteria. reliable species that are infected with Bartonella do not show any signs of symptoms, whereas some new(prenominal) infected species do. Therefore, in cases where the infected individual does not show any signs or symptoms, all the Kochs postulates are not satisfied. In addition to this, certain infectious diseases cannot be grown in pure culture, but instead can only reproduce in living cells. Thus, in cases such as these, the Kochs postulates are in addition not satisfied. Other examples of infectious diseases that do not satisfy all of the Kochs postulates are cholera, typhoid fever, and herpes simplex.Jacomo, V., and P. J. Kelly. rude(a) History of Bartonella Infections (an ejection toKochs Postulate). Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9.1 (2002) 8-18. American troupe of Microbiology. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. .5). According to Dr. Nelson El-Amins lecture, there are a few reasons why diseases such as measles and polio have not been completely eradicated even though there are vaccines to prevent these diseases. One of the reasons presented in the lecture for this is due to the fact that some individuals do not gather up the vaccination against these diseases out of fear. There are cases of individuals that do not chance measles vaccinations due to concerns that vaccinations have caused certain ailments such as autism. This is evident from a cohort study conducted on unvaccinated children that have not received victorian vaccination due to concerns of safety. However, according to the lecture, there is no scientific fact t o support the beliefs that autism is associated with the MMR vaccinations. An different reason why certain root words of individuals do not receive vaccinations is because it goes against their religious beliefs and they believe that they do not need to receive a vaccination in order to be protected against diseases.Some of the characteristics for individuals that have not received proper vaccination are individuals that are young, individuals that do not know their vaccination status, and individuals that have migrated from other countries. According to the lecture, in cases in which individuals have not received vaccination, 76% of those individuals are less than 20 years old. In addition to this, 91% of unvaccinated individuals do not know their vaccination status. And furthermore, 89% of unvaccinated individuals are people that have migrated from other countries. Therefore, the evidence shows that the reasons why certain diseases such as polio and measles have not been complete ly eradicated are due to the fact that not everybody has received proper vaccination. This is either due from individuals refusing to receive vaccination out of fear or some other belief, certain individuals do not know that they have not received proper vaccination, or certain individuals have migrated from other countries and have not received all their vaccinations.El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of vaccine Preventable Diseases.PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture.6). According to Dr. Wohls lecture on HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, the distribution of back up diagnoses has changed amongst the different race/ heathenish crowds since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. For example, in 1985, about 60% of the total AIDS cases were amongst Caucasians, about 27% were amongst pitch-dark/African Americans, about 16% were amongst Latino/Latinos, about 1% were amongst Asians, and less than 1% were amongst American Indian /Alaska infixed and primaeval Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander. As of 2007, these rates have changed amongst the different race/ethnic groups. For example, for Caucasians the rates have decreased to about 28% of the total AIDS cases. On the contrary, rates for ghastly/African Americans have increased to about 48% of the total AIDS cases. In addition to this, rates for Hispanic/Latinos have also increased to about 21% of the total AIDS cases. For Asians, the rates have remained constant at around 1% of the total cases, and the rates amongst American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander have also remained constant at around less than 1% of the total AIDS cases.According to the lecture, SHAS examined time intervals between when a person first intimate that they had HIV and when they were diagnosed with AIDS. As indicated by the findings, detection rates varied significantly between different racial/ethnic groups. The results showed that Caucasians were mor e possible than Black/African American or Hispanic/Latinos to have their HIV infection to be detected early (more than 5 years) before their onset of AIDS. Thus, many more Caucasians were more likely to fall into the early detection group in comparison to other racial groups. In contrast to this, Hispanic/Latinos were much more likely than any other racial group to have their HIV infection detected very late (within a year) in their progress to AIDS diagnosis. Thus, Hispanic/Latinos were more likely to fall into the very late detection group in comparison to other racial groups. Black/African Americans were also very likely to have their HIV infections detected very late prior to coming down with an AIDS diagnosis, however, the rates of Black/African Americans in the very late detection group was lower than that of Hispanic/Latinos. The rates between racial/ethnic groups for individuals that had their HIV infection detected between 13 and 60 months prior to AIDS diagnosis (late det ection) was relatively equal between all of the racial/ethnic groups. In addition to these finding, according to the lecture, it was shown that in Los Angeles, individuals that were more likely to be late testers were found to be women, Black/African Americans, foreign born Latinos, U.S. born Latinos, those exposed to HIV via straightaway contact, young individuals, and less educated individuals.There are many implications associated with late detection of HIV. Individuals infected with HIV that are diagnosed later in life, are not able to receive proper antiretroviral therapy. And thus, those individuals are more likely to suffer from adverse effects in comparison to individuals that are diagnosed former in life who are able to receive the proper medication to help slow down their onset of AIDS. In addition to this, individuals that are detected of having HIV later in life are more likely to affect other individuals, thus spreading HIV to other unknowing individuals and further exacerbating the issue. Therefore, as shown from the lecture, there are many negative implications of late detection, and it has also been shown that the distribution of AIDS has changed significantly amongst racial/ethnic groups since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic.Wohl, Amy R. HIV and AIDS Worldwide, the U.S. and Los Angeles County. PM 527Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 18 Feb. 2010. Lecture.Works CitedAngier. A World in Motion The Global Movement of People, Products, Pathogens, and Power. The National Academies Press. 2001. Web. 31 Mar. 2010.Church, Diedre, Owen Reid, and Brent Winston. Burn Wound Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2nd ser. 19 (2006) 403-34. PubMed Central. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. .El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of vaccine Preventable Diseases. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture.Jacomo, V., and P. J. Kelly. Natural History of Bartonella Infections (an Exception to Koch?s Postulate). Cli nical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9.1 (2002) 8-18. American Society of Microbiology. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. .United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. CDC, 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. .United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Foodborne Disease Control A Transnational Challenge. By D. W. Betthcer. 4th ed. Vol. 3. Atlanta CDC, 2010. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. .United States. World Health Organization. Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. .Wohl, Amy R. HIV and AIDS Worldwide, the U.S. and Los Angeles County. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 18 Feb. 2010. Lecture.

Marketing Concepts And Principles Of Success Of Subway Marketing Essay

Marketing Concepts And Principles Of Success Of metro Marketing Es introduceMarketing analysis consists of finding out the classify of potential nodes or consumers as well as the grocery you atomic number 18 targeting. we need to find out their potential needs how can we get around and modify the product or go to develop their needs. We should also drive in the preferable usage the customer might have for the product or service.We should also be aw atomic number 18 of the competitors operation throughout the market that is their determine policy so that we can be one mistreat forwards of our competitors. We should also be c beful about the statistical distribution of the product and services in order to found sure it sink ines the right target of the market both local and international. This report is written by studying tube-shaped structure a leading sandwich shop in Britain.SynopsisThe fable begins in Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA during the summer of 1965. Fred DeLu ca, an ambitious 17-year-old high school graduate, was looking for for a way to make enough money to pay for his university tuition. The outcome came at a BBQ during a conversation with a family friend, Dr. Peter dollar bill. Dr. Buck suggested to Fred that he open a submarine sandwich shop having seen a sandwich shop in his hometown experience huge success.With a $1,000 loanword from Dr. Buck, the partnership was formed and Petes top-notch Submarines subject in August 1965. The offshoot year was a ch onlyenge and a learning experience for the adolescent entrepreneurs.They opened their second location a year later and quickly realised that trade and visibility were pass to be key factors in the success of the argument the third outlet was in a highly visible location and its still serving sandwiches today. The name was shortened from Petes Super Submarines to SUBWAY and the familiar bright yellow logo was introduced.The next step was to formulate a business plan that ou tlined the SUBWAY irons goals. In an effort to reach those goals, SUBWAY outlets began franchising, giving others the opportunity to pull through in their own business venture. The jump SUBWAY franchise opened in Connecticut in 1974.Literature ReviewCompare alternate(a) interpretations of merchandising.(P1)Marketing is a social and managerial member by which individuals and groups adjudge what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.(kotler 2003).Marketing is the management process which identifies,anticipates and supplies customer requirements,efficiently and profitably.(Chartered Institute of Marketing).Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing,promotion and distribution of ideas, replete(p)s and services to create exchange and satisfy international and organizational objects.(AMA 2004).As far as we can see in the above definitions that all of them is trying to say the same thing that it is a proces s. Some say it is a social process some say it is a planning process. I would define marketing as a way to reach the consumers as well as customers as AMA American Marketing 2004 has the definition that it is the perfect finishing of pricing promotion and distribution of ideas. I retard with that definition.Identify the main characteristics of marketing speckle organizations.(P2)All marketing blot organizations develop their business around the customer.They focus on the environment and make a key factor in their determination makingautonomic nervous systemthere are four main characteristics which explain the marketing oriented organizations. They are-1)Shared values.2)Organization.3)Strategy.4)Stakeholders.3)Strategy-E precise market oriented company should have a groovy dour term strategy. This is because the company will have a target of gaining its eventual(prenominal) goal that is to be a market leader that is why from the first they should have a strong strategy whi ch is understandable and flexible also.4)Stakeholders-Stakeholders are those who has a direct or indirect stake which can be affected by the organisations behaviour or activity.For an organization stakeholders are a very sensitive issue.They should be careful when they make any decisions because the decision must be taken in consideration with the view point of the stakeholders.If the stakeholders are unhappy thus this might affect the organization very badly.3Explain the various elements of marketing concept.(P3)Team work and unified approach to businessProfitabilityCustomer orientationIdentify and pass judgment the benefits and costs of marketing approach.P4autonomic nervous system the cost and benefits of marketing approach are- embody1Regular marketing research-Company needs to do regular market research in order to stay updated according to the market.2)Building excellent services-Company needs to give a good service both with the suppliers and the customers in order to buil d a goodwill for the company.3)distribution-Company needs to be very particular in hurt of the distribution costs.if the distribution cost is high it might affect them in the long run in terms of increasing the total cost.Benefits-1)Profit-A good marketing approach means that it is going to hit the right point which should be the profit.2)Customer allegiance and trust-Customer loyalty should be one of the key benefit. loyalty comes with the trust which is an significant factor. when a customer trusts a company the customer will recommend it to the others. that is howthe company will increase its benefit from the marketing approach.P5Identify and explain macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions.RELATE INFORMATION TO SUBWAYMacro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions are(P5/M2)Economic EnvironmentIt is best described as having the factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns (Kotler et al 1998). These factor s include income, directs of employment, inflation, value of the currency and much others.The income is a very valuable factor in terms of macro-environment as any customer because the customer should have the purchasing power to deprave the product. If they have the purchasing power they are most likely going to demoralise at subway. Value of the currency is an important factor. If the value fluctuates then we cannot value the correct value of sub according to the market.Political affableTechnologyMicro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions are-1)Customers-Organisations survive by satisfying the needs, wants and providing the benefits of the customers. For e.g-Subway gives special offers to the customers like the sub of the day.2)Employees-Employing the correct staff and retentivity this staff motivated is a very important part in terms of strategic planning process of the organization. Training and development is an important factor in subway in terms of getting a competitive edge than any other fast food joint.3)Suppliers- retentivity a good relationship with the supplier is a very important factor. Prices of raw materials might increase. A good relationship ensures that they get the products of good quality at a competitive price.P6Propose sectionalisation criteria to be used for two products in different markets.Ans Market segmentation is the fundamental component of a market-based strategy. A market segment is a specific group of customers with distinctive customer needs, purchase behaviours and different descriptive characteristics.(Best 2000).We can talk about the halal stores in subway and the ecumenical store of subway. They are two products in different markets. One is aimed generally. other one is specially aimed at the muslim customers who wants to eat at subway.P7 compend the factors which influence the choice of targeting strategy.Ans targeting strategy is the selection of potential customers to whom the business w ants to target them to sell products or service.Factors influencing the choice of targeting strategy are-1)Markets diversity- Market goes on to take different routes like the case of subway which is diversifying their sandwich products.2)The level of competition-Subway has to ensure their goal beside the level of competition that they are facing. This is why they are targeting health conscious customers by introducing low fat subs like grumbler teriyaki. They also use the slogan called Eat Fresh to target the great unwashed who want to eat out but wants to avoid junk food.8)Explain how emptor behavior affects marketing activities in two different buying situations.Ans Buyer behavior affects marketing activities in many situations. One may be the way the customers lifestyle is. For e.g.-if the customer is an marketing officer he is more likely to buy formal clothes than a pipe fitter who needs informal clothes like jeans because it will be more suitable for him to work with a pai r of jeans.Another situation might be a psychological factors. For e.g-customers of mark and spencer might belief that ms products are very much better than the others. This might influence them to buy that product.

Standardization of Anti-diabetic Poly Herbal Formulation

patternization of Anti-diabetic Poly Herbal Formulation1. IntroductionNow-a-days most of highly- veri remit as wellhead as developing countries routine Ayurvedic medicines then they uses it in past. They avoid use of allopathic drugs because of high risk of adverse tack togethers. So, for the sake of community it is classical to well-wornize the dosage dust available in market. Standardization of training is evidence that the aspect contains constituents which it says to be contained.In present work homework containing Gymnemic bitter and Resveratrol has been studied. This formulation is anti-diabetic.Gymnemic Acid ( gym) is major constituent isolated from leaves of ready Gymnema Sylvester belonging to family Asclepiadacea. (1) Plant has a property of masking the sugar running so it is cognise as GURMAR. Gymnemic stinging is a triterpenoid saponin found in the leaves of Gymnema Sylvester. (2) Many studies become shown that oral administration of Gymnema suck out red uces serum glucose level and improves glucose tolerance in mildly diabetic rats. (3) Administration of water extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves was found to increase serum insulin level suggesting its insulin releasing effect. (4) Number of of import cells within pancreatic tissue were increased which suggests a restorative effect of the Gymnema extract on pancreatic tissue. (5) So, from above it is now known that Gymnemic red-hot has the ability to decrease blood glucose level in diabetic persevering which ultimately relives Diabetes.Resveratrol (reticuloendothelial system) (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is polyphenolic constituent isolated from plant Polygonum Cuspidatum belonging to family Polygnaceae. (6) It has been account that Resveratrol has a variety of biological and pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, anticarcinogenic effects, modulation of lipoid metabolism and cardioprotection. (7) In pancreatic -cells, insulin secret ion is linked to the oscillations in tissue layer potential, intracellular Ca2+ and metabolism. The variations in the ATP/ADP ratio control the conductance of ATP-dependent K+ channels leading to depolarization and periodic influx of Ca2+. The resultant membrane depolarization activates voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ channels and triggers intracellular Ca2+ release, elevating intracellular Ca2+ two in the cytosolic compartment and within the mitochondria, and thereby initiating insulin secretion. (8)From the survey of different literatures it is found that Gymnemic acid has been estimated by various analytic techniques like HPtender loving care, HPLC Gravimetery. (9) While Resveratrol had been estimated by HPLC and spectrometric techniques. (10) Not a single method acting acting is reported for the estimation of both(prenominal) constituents simultaneously.Present work has been focused on estimation of both constituents simultaneously. here(predicate) estimation of both consti tuents was make by UV-Visible spectrographic analysis and HPTLC. For estimation of both constituents simultaneously UV-visible Spectrophotometric and HPTLC methods were positive and validated.Figure 1 Gymnemic acid flurry 1 Gymnemic acid GroupFigure 2 Resveratrol2. ExperimentalChemical ReagentsGymnemic acid relative Standard was extracted from the formulation. This relative well-worn was comp ard with tired obtained from Clearsynth TM head-to-head Ltd (Andheri (w), Mumbai, India) . hence the prepared relative quantity was used for methods. alike way, Resveratrol was extracted from formulation and then compared with standard Sigma-Aldrich constituent. Marketed formulation here used was Resveratrol plus (with Gymnemic acid) Zenith livings containing 100mg Resveratrol and 500 mg Gymnemic acid per 2 capsules.All reagents for UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and HPTLC are M ethyl alcohol, Chloroform, Ethanol, Glacial Acetic Acid, water and Benzoyl Chloride. M ethanol, Chloroform a nd Ethanol used were analytical grade purchased from merk resultants. Triple distill water was made in science lab by distillation assembly. Benzoyl Chloride was purchased from SD fines Chemicals.InstrumentsUV-Visible Spectrophotometric was developed on a Shimadzu UV-Vis double gleam spectrophotometer, dashl 2400 PC series, with spectral width of 1 nm, wavelength accuracy of 0.5nm and a p variant of 10 mm matched quartz cells (Shimadzu , Japan). The HPTLC instrumentation consisted of a Linomat V hear applicant with 100 L Hamilton syringe and a TLC triple scanner controlled by WinCATS software (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) Merck TLC plates coated with 60F254 silicon dioxide gelatin on aluminum sheets were used as stationary phase. The plates were developed in a Camag 10 x 10 cm equalize through chamber that was previously saturated for 20 minutes with lively phase.Spectrometric Conditions gymnasium didnt contain chromophore in structure so it has to be derivatized for UV-Vi sible detection. Benzoyl Chloride was used as derivatizing agent. The final results of gym reticuloendothelial system were scanned in the spectrum mode from 200 to 400 nm, and from that 303nm for Gymnemic acid determination, 318.4 nm for Resveratrol determination and 349 nm for isoabsorptive stage for Q ratio method were selected for simultaneous estimation.Chromatography ConditionThe resultant roles were tactual sensationted in the form of hands of 5 mm width on pre-coated silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates using a Camag 100 L pattern applicator syringe. They were activated at 110 oC in an oven for 20 minutes in the lead sample application. A constant application rate 0.1L/s was applied and bandwidth was 9 mm mingled with two bands. Spotted plates were developed in twin through chamber which is previously saturated for 20 minutes with erratic phase containing Chloroform Methanol Glacial acetic acid (13 4 0.5 %). The plates were developed for 8 cm run length. The plates wer e dried-out by hair dryer and then post derivatization done by dipping plates in Vanillin-Sulphuric acid resultant. Then it is heated in hot air oven at 105oC for 5 minutes. Then plates were scanned at 575nm in TLC III scanner.Preparation of solutionsPreparation of Standard solution for UVResveratrol relative standard 10 mg was accurately weighed which is transferred to 10 ml clean volumetric flaskful. This much quantity was turn in 10 ml of ethanol to call down 1000g/ ml standard hackneyed solution. From standard stock solution 1 ml is transferred to another 10 ml of volumetric flask and volume was made up with methanol to name 100 g/ ml working(a) standard stock solution.Gymnemic acid relative standard 100 mg was accurately weighed which is transferred to 10 ml clean volumetric flask. This much quantity was dissolved in 10 ml of triple distill water to produce 10000 g/ ml standard stock solution. From standard stock solution 1 ml was transferred to 10 ml volumetric flas k cut with methanol to produce 1000 g/ ml working standard solution.Benzoyl chloride was weaken in ethanol first and then in methanol finally to produce 125 g/ ml solution which was used as derivatizing solution.Preparation of sample solution for UV10 capsules shells were removed and powders from those capsules were mixed and from that weight equivalent to 10 mg Resveratrol and 50 mg Gymnemic acid was weighed accurately and transferred to 10 ml of volumetric flask volume made up with mixture of ethanol water (11). From this solution 1 ml solution was interpreted diluted with mixture of ethanol water (11).this solution is working sample solution further dilution done by the same mixture.Preparation of standard solution for HPTLCResveratrol relative standard 20 mg and Gymnemic acid relative standard 100 mg was accurately weighed and transferred to two divergent 10 ml volumetric flask respectively in which weighed quantity was dissolved in 10 ml ethanol water (11) mixture to produ ce reticuloendothelial system 2000 g/ ml and gymnasium 10000 g/ ml standard stock solution. From these solution 5 ml solution was transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask diluted with ethanol water (11) up to 10 ml to produce reticuloendothelial system 1000 g/ ml and lyceum 5000 g/ ml working standard stock solution.Preparation of sample solution for HPTLC10 capsules shells were removed and powders from those capsules were mixed from that weight equivalent to 20 mg reticuloendothelial system and 100 mg Gym was weighed. That much center of powder was accurately transferred to 10 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in ethanol water (11) mixture. From this solution 5 ml was taken and filtered with 0.45 m filter sized syringe filter. This solution was then diluted with mixture of ethanol water (11) up to 10 ml solution to produce RES 1000 g/ ml equivalent and lyceum 5000 g/ ml equivalent. substantiation method constitutionPreparation of calibration biasFor UV-visible Spectrophotometri c method individual solutions were prepared in methanol from working standard stock solution to produce 5-25 g/ ml RES and 25- 125 g/ ml GYM solution. Benzoyl chloride 10 L was added to each solution. Then these solutions were analyzed in methanol at lead different wavelengths at 303 nm, 318.4 nm and 349 nm. Calibration curve here made up was absorbance v/s tightfistedness.For HPTLC method different aliquots of were taken from standard stock solution to make final concentration of RES 1000 g/ ml and GYM 5000 g/ ml in the same solution. Then different aliquots were bunkted on activated TLC plate. The concentration of RES was varied between (5-25) g/ spot while for GYM it was (25-125) g/ spot. Then plate was developed in mobile phase and was developed to scan as mention above at 575 nm. Calibration curve here made was peak area v/s concentration of constituents.Accuracy ( recovery)For UV-visible spectrophotometer solution of standard RES was added to previously analyzed sample solut ion at trine different levels (80%, 100 % and one hundred twenty%). Same procedure been fol wretcheded to have a GYM accuracy by adding standard stock solution at three different levels (80%, 100 % and 120%). Amount of standard RES added was (8, 10 and 12 g/ ml) to 10 g/ ml sample solution. Amount of standard GYM added was (40, 50 and 60 g/ ml) to 50 g/ ml sample solution.For HPTLC known amount standard solution of RES (8, 10 12 g/ ml) and GYM (40, 50 60 g/ ml) added to previously analyzed sample solution having concentration of RES 10 g/ spot and GYM 50 g/ spot.PrecisionThe intra-day and inter-day precision of proposed methods were determined by estimating identical responses three times on the same day and on three different days for three different concentrations. For UV-Visible spectroscopy RES concentrations were 8, 10 and 12 g/ ml measured at wavelengths 318.4 nm and 349 nm.GYM concentrations were 45, 50 and 60 g/ ml measured at wavelengths 303 nm and 349 nm. For HPTLC th ree different dilutions were made having both RES and GYM in those solutions ranging (RES 9, 10 and 12.5 g/spot) and GYM (45, 50 and 62.5 g/ spot).For repeatability in HPTLC, sample solution containing 10 g/spot RES and 50 g/ spot GYM was measured in terms of response.LOD LOQThe sensitivity of analytical method was evaluated by determining LOD and LOQ. They are measured by following equationsLOD 3.3 / SLOQ 10 S here(predicate), is standard going away of intercept and S is side in linearity equation.SpecificityFor HPTLC spots were scanned for its purity with standard sample and chequered whether they give a same response or not. This was done by spectral scanning in WinCats HPTLC.RobustnessThe robustness of methods was studied by analyzing the same samples of RES and GYM with deliberate deepen in parameters. The changes in responses were noted. For HPTLC, spots scanned at ( 2 nm) and mobile phase ratio change was performed. For UV-Visible method solutions were scanned at ( 2 nm ).3. Results and DiscussionsSimultaneous estimation of RES and GYM was difficult task because they are isolated from herbal source and they have RES GYM ratio 15 in marketed formulations. system suitability parametersSystem suitability run for HPTLC was performed before each validation run. Five replicate spots were made. Parameters monitored were Rf value and Peak areas of them. (Table 2)Table 2 System suitability Parameters HPTLCOptimization of MethodFor HPTLCVarious observational conditions such as the mobile phase and the wavelength of detection were optimized to achieve accurate, skillful and reproducible results for the estimation of RES and GYM. Good resolution and sharp peaks with tokenish tailing of these drugs (Rf RES 0.78, Rf GYM 0.236) was obtained by using mobile phase Chloroform Methanol Glacial acetic acid (13 4 0.5%) at wavelength of detection 575 nm.Figure 3 optimized Chromatogram of HPTLC, RES (10 g/spot) GYM ( 50 g/spot)Figure 4 Wavelength selection for HPT LC of RES and GYMFor UV-Visible SpectrophotometricForm overlain spectra (Figure 5) of methanolic solution of RES and GYM three wavelengths were finalized for analysis 303 nm, 318.4 nm and 349 nm. The method here used for simultaneous estimation is Q ratio method. Here both of constituents are measured at 349 nm isoabsorptive point and 303 nm and 318.4 nm GYM and RES respectively.Figure 5 wavelength selection by and by derivatization of GYM, BCL (Benzoyl Chloride) and RESMethod validation of proposed methodsOptimized methods were validated in compliance with ICH guidelines. The results of various parameters are discussed followingLinearityFor UV Spectrophotometric method, linear correlation was obtained between absorbance and concentration for RES 5-25 g/ ml at 318.4 nm 349 nm and GYM 25-125 g/ ml 303 nm 349nm.( Table 3)For HPTLC method, linear correlations were obtained between peak area and concentration of RES was 5-25 g/spot and GYM was 25- 125g/spot. (Table 4)AccuracyThe perc entage recovery determine of RES and Gym were obtained in the range of 98% to 103 %, and relative standard deviation values for both constituents in two methods were less then 2%, it shows that methods are accurate for both constituents. Values are shown in table 3 and 4.PrecisionInter-day and intra-day variation in quantification of RES and GYM showed that RSD values were always less than 2% during the analysis by both methods. These low RSD values show that methods are precise. Values of precision studies for UV spectrometry and HPTLC are in table 3 and 4 respectively.LOD and LOQFor UV-Visible spectrometry method LOD and LOQ for RES was found to be 0.09g/ml and 0.28g/ml respectively. LOD and LOQ for GYM were 0.63g/ml and 1.92g/ml respectively.For HPTLC method LOD and LOQ for RES were 0.065 g/spot and 0.20 g/ spot respectively. LOD and LOQ for GYM were 1.2 g/spot and 3.87 g/spot respectively.SpecificityFor HPTLC method, a good correlation was obtained between standard and sample s pectra of RES and GYM correlation suggests that there in no interference in quantification of RES and GYM.RobustnessRobustness of the methods was studied by performing assays of RES and GYM in capsule formulation. The parameters are deliberately altered and changes were recorded. Assay values were calculated in the changed parameters. Methods proved to be robust, because assay values in changed parameters were within limits.Assay of marketed formulationAssay of Resveratrol plus from ZENITH nutrition was performed in both the methods. Results of assay were compared with corresponding amounts claimed on capsule. The assay results are shown in table 3 4.Table 3 UV-Visible method Validation parametersTable 4 HPTLC Validation ParametersConclusion authentic HPTLC and UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, rapid, sensitive and robust for the estimation of RES and GYM in combined dosage form. The validation data and recovery shows that methods are free from inferences of excipients used in formulations. Thus method is effectual for both constituents to be estimated by both methods.Referencesx

Functions of Network Management

Functions of Network ManagementIn this report, I exit be explaining the functions of mesh topology solicitude. there argon m whatever a(prenominal) stages to creating a net income, these arPlanning planning is essential, as you volition fate to map out what kind of vane you want to create and what its affair giveing beResearch researching what net income thingamajigs and cabling depart be required, in like manner researching topologies to create a suitable meshworkDesign design is indwelling as you get out imply to know what your net result ask like before its madePreparation begin creating your electronic meshwork, install the cabling and dodges and get together themDevelopment Set up the devices in the earnings and fall upon authoritative they ar on and ready to communicateTesting test the intercommunicate and check that ein truththing is up and rail smoothlyMaintenance if either issues arise, troubleshoot the find faultings and install sure that the network is stableEvaluation analyse and understand the network, if whatever problems fargon, document them so it will be easier to troubleshoot in the in store(predicate). business 1 Functions of network counseling P4Network configuration is necessary to suffer com layers in a network to communicate with each other. Configuration exists to govern networks and allow troubleshooting or execution of instrument enhancements.There be more devices usaged in a network. The about important medium are routers and switches. When configured correctly, it will allow them to communicate which then allows users to communicate with each other. good luck management is compulsory in every network as it will come up problems and minimise ill. In case of failure, it will be prepared to troubleshoot the issues as quick as possible. By monitoring the networks, you faeces see if an error occurs it will encounter that the network is up for as long as possible. switching man agement could be approached from a remotely controlled centralised console, which will allow you to easily reboot or troubleshoot one or more than computer.Account management involves taking care of the users account and ensuring they disregardister admission fee all software easily. The admin will coerce user accounts for people in an office or school in order for the users to approach path their files at work. Account management separates together the users with the same rights on their accounts, which makes it simpler for the executive as they smoke make a change to the entire user sort out rather than each account.Account management is required in outstanding networks like schools and organisations as it will allow the administrator to manage sixfold accounts easily as it would be heavy(a) to install software or enable access to every single account separately.The purpose of operation variables is to work out how key parts of the network are and assume been perform ing. By checking this, it is possible to measure whether the performance is decreasing or increasing, this is crucial because if performance is decreasing, you will be able to see it.Examples of performance variables are user response durations and network by means ofput. Network through and throughput is how degraded selective information is transferred through a network. User response clippings are how fast the network is for users. Line utilisation is the amount of information on the cabling, if as well as much data is loaded onto the cable it will alter performance. security system is essential in any network in order to pick up recourse by implementing security in a network, you will block computer viruses and other threats such as hacking. It is possible to get viruses in many different forms such as files and documents on the internet, spyware, even physical issues can be a threat such as fires.Because there are different oddballs of threats to a network, there are different bearings to palm with them all. Firewalls and antivirus software should be installed to prevent viruses from entering a network. If a virus is in a network, it can sabotage the performance of the network and put the companys data in jeopardy. It is in addition very important to back up the files to another server in case of an attack so if any data is confounded it can be restored effectively.Data logging is enter all of the information that passes through a network, this will make it easier to secernate problems in the network, as you will be able to demeanor through the data and analyse where an error has occurred.Logs are not usually unploughed permanently as they may not be necessary. It is useful to turn over data logs in parts of the network where errors occur to help you mention them as soon as possible.Checking performance and traffic is essential to ensure that your network is performing as well as it can and clearing up traffic will improve performa nce.Reporting is a management feature which documents performance and the data usage throughout the network to the admins. The reports are often fathern using systems such as Windows Server which reports response time and performance of packets.Task 2 Fault Management M2Fault ManagementFault management in networks is to locate and troubleshoot problems in the network. Fault management is important to keep the network trial expeditiously.Why is fault management necessary in networks?Fault management is essential, as it will allow the network to perform at its maximum capacity without beingness disrupted. If any errors occur, data in the network could be jeopardised so by troubleshooting errors as soon as possible it will allow the network to thread with minimal errors. This should be carried out remotely as it will be time consuming to physically go to each device throughout the network.The main goals of fault management in any network is toMonitor the network remotelyEnable ale rts to warn the network point about any failuresCreate logs to see past failures and prevent future problemsOne of the goals of fault management is to monitor the network remotely through a centralised device. This will allow the network locomotive engineer to control the network quickly and efficiently as they will not need to access each physical device which can be very time consuming. By monitoring performance, the network engineer can troubleshoot failure quickly.Another goal of fault management is to enable alerts to warn the network engineer when there is a fault in the network immediately. By ensuring that the network engineer is notified about faults, the fault can either be prevented or solved as quick as possible. This will make sure that the effect on the performance is minimal.Finally, creating logs of faults are essential as it will allow the network engineer to look back at it in the future and solve the problem quicker. This will also extract how well the network is performing as you can see every fault that has previously occurred. If there is a recurring fault in the network, the engineer will be able to prevent it and ensure that it doesnt bump again.If the network is affected by a failure, this can alter performance and could cause the network to crash. This will be atrocious for the company as it can prevent staff from communicating and doing their jobs.Task 3 usage performance management D1Routine performance management is scheduled spell maintenance. This means that the network will be checked on a regular basis to ensure that it is up to speed. This is crucial for any line of business as you will want to make sure that the network is running smoothly and the companys information or data is not in jeopardy.If a companys network isnt checked oft, it could severely impact the company as they could be in danger of losing data or if a part of the network is down, they wont be able to communicate which will end up losing the company money. There are many different types of risks ranging from physical issues to computer hardware issues, for example a fire which can endanger both screws and the hardware in the network and if a switch or router is overloaded which can cause it to fail or perform slowly which will also majorly affect the company.There are a few tasks that the network carriage must do to check and keep the network up and running efficiently.Backups are extremely important in a network in case of data loss or failure. If any data is lost and the data hasnt been backed up in a long time this will be a huge setback for the company as they will spend a penny lost important information. It is important to backup data at least daily or weekly to ensure that you adopt the latest data available to restore in case of any errors or failures in the network.Backups can be made to multiple presents. The most common one is to a remote server which will fight back the companys data. This is efficient as th e data is all stored in one place so it is easier to access and minimises downtime. Companies also often use redundant tramp of independent disks (RAID) hard drive systems. This is known as a live backup feature that backs up data as it is written. It has many hard disks that are interconnected that defy all the data. This is extremely useful and can also minimise downtime as it will allow the network engineer to restore the data very quickly.User accounts are used in every organisation as employees will need their own individual(prenominal) accounts to access the network and do their jobs. Every user has a preposterous personal username which makes it easier to identify each user. All users cast the same privileges and must change their passwords often due to security reasons. The network admin will have control over the user accounts and can help employees if they forget their password.Users are usually put into groups of departments or services, for examples, Sales or Accoun ting. This makes it much easier for the network engineer to control each section of the network and can make changes to a group of people with ease. It is also more organised as people that do the same job will be in the same group. This gives everybody the same privileges and allows them to do their jobs efficiently.Logon scripts are activated once soul logs onto a device in a network. It is very useful as it automatically carries out tasks. Scripts are developed in the command run with scripting languages.This is useful as it can utilise commands such as ipconfig and look through commands as soon as the device is up and running. If the network engineer had to manually carry this out every single time it would take very long.Virus scans are crucial in any network to ensure network safety and efficiency. The network admin will run virus scans regularly on all devices on the network. If any viruses are found they will be logged in the virus software to understandably outline how ma ny viruses have occurred since the last check. This is important as the network admin will be able to see viruses occur often which could fork over a weakness in the network.Virus checkers in a network will differ from the ones in a home network. On a network when a virus is encountered, the network admin will be notified and will investigate the virus. Checking for viruses is very important as a virus can jeopardise data deep down the network which is why the administrator must be notified immediately and eliminate the threat. Whereas at home, people use an antivirus software and carry out scans to check their devices.Frequent file purify ups are necessary to clear up space and organise data correctly. Any temporary files or old files should be deleted as it will not be necessary on the drives. This will free up space for files in the future which will be useful.The network admin should often check if the users have enough space on their drives to ensure efficiency.Task 4 Netwo rk Security PolicySecurity is essential in every network, especially for Phoenix. There is a range of security policies that will need to be implemented in the network for it to run efficiently and securely. These procedures will keep sensitive information safe and protect node data. Below I have outlined and covered the security policies that are necessary in any network for it to run smoothly.A firewall is a program that prevents viruses from entering the network. Firewall management is crucial in a network to stop attacks coming into the network. There are many types of attacks that can occur in a network, one type of attack is known as an access attack. This is when a stranger tries to gain information from the network and take control of the network. Another type of attack is a DoS (Denial of Service) attack, this type of attack will affect the systems in the network. This can block employees from accessing their systems which is a setback for the company.ACLs are used to perm it or deny access to users throughout the network. The network admin may want a specific group of users to access resources, by adding ACLs the admin can reject access from other groups within the network. This is necessary for Phoenix because it will prevent outsiders from accessing data within the network.The devices in a network must be protected as they contain sensitive data. Hardening is making a device secure and reliable. There are many ways of hardening a device, one way this can be done is by enabling antivirus protection on each device to prevent it from viruses and malware. Another way a device can be more secure is having ACLs put on them, this will stop people from entering them without permission.Securing your devices is crucial in every network to ensure efficiency and reliability. If the device goes down or is hacked it could risk data theft which will setback the company, in this case, Phoenix.This involves reviewing the security policy frequently to ensure that th e company is up and running securely. All the security policies are important to the network as they keep it up and running safely. A record should be kept of any threats so the network admin can look out for issues that have occurred in the past, and ensure that they dont happen again. By reviewing all the policies, it will allow the network to run at its best performance.Users should have the right permissions on their accounts. The network admin should check the users accounts once a week at least in case some users have rights that they arent supposed to have. This is important for Phoenix as it keeps the company organised and ensures safety by permitting the correct rights to users.

The Difference Between Truth And Belief

The inequality Between Truth And BeliefThe word virtue ground go away present a variety of squiffyings, from honesty and faith to a verified incident in particular.1 The term has no single definition ab erupt which a majority of professional philosophers and scholars agree, and various theories of justness continue to be debated. in that location ar differing claims on the roles that revealed and spring upd noesis play and whether verity is inseparable, butt, or infrangible. though truth is generally believed to be both unverifiable and purpose lens, belief is expect to be aim which means it differs from person to person. For example, I believe that the thresh is blue entails that I think that this proposition is true.The slipway by which we acquire knowledge, stick let out be opposed into four broad categories, sense perception, langu period, sense and groundsing. The four ways of discriminating support us to identify and differentiate between subjective and objective truths. It is generally wearyd language wills us access to subjective truths while reason gives us access to objective truths. For example, the various mathematical proofs, theories and formulae that be in use today are in practice because of they have been auditiond by reason and are considered as objective mathematical truths. However, most theories and formulas are axiomatic truths. postulational truths are self evident truths or basic facts which are veritable without any proof. On the contrary, perception and emotion are believed to depart in subjective truths. From past experiences, I have generalized that objects left out in the rain get ludicrous. Through reasoning I check this understanding to tonights rainfall, and conclude that my own bicycle will get wet if it is left out in the backyard. Reason can help us to identify both subjective and objective truths. For example, reason can help to distinguish between objective mathematical truths and subjec tive artistic truths. Thus, from the to a higher place examples it can be nailn that the various ways of knowing , alone can help to identify truths. But, the ways of knowing may excessively work together to give us the truth. For example, in science the way of knowing of reason and sense perception may work collaboratively to give us the objective truths. Some examples are objects falling on the ground with an speedup of 9.8 m/s2. However, if reason helps us to identify and distinguish between objective mathematical truths such as the sum of the angles of a triangle is one hundred eighty and subjective artistic truths such as Beethovens 9th symphony is his best, it does not mean that reason is superior to the other ways of knowing because each of the ways of knowing has its own limitations and may not necessarily give us the tyrannical truth. The way of classical inductive reasoning can bequeath to false claims. Consider this example, I saw a duck and it was black. I saw a sec ond duck and it was black. I saw a third duck and it was black. I saw an Nth duck and it was black. A general debate becomes the culture All ducks must be black. aft(prenominal) tens of thousands of instances of black ducks in Africa, Asia and North America I go to the UK and see a exsanguinous duck, right in the middle of a lake. adept false instance is enough to topple over the general conclusion I had painstakingly reached.In the wake of the reading in sciences and the commodious use of reason in daily life, a question is elevated Is reason the most superior way of knowing?. Reason has give rise to many scientific explanations and theories such as the formulae of mathematics and the laws of physics. In the AOK of science, the various laws of sobriety in physics have been defined after reason and research. For example, if I observe that the gravitational force is always same when I undertake an examine, by inductive reasoning I will assume that this will always be the c ase if I measure gravity on any X place in the world. The general statement becomes the conclusion The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. But, if I were to lot the same investigate at the North or the South game I would find that the value of gravity is more than what I had prime before, as the earth is elliptical and the poles are closer to the earths core. Also, the value of gravity would be quite different if I were to conduct the same experiment at the equatorial regions .Thus, as we can see, the reasoned assumption can sometimes lead to a paradigm shift i.e. true in specific environments so not a universal truth. Even if the experiment is conducted hundreds of times, there is always a possibility that an exception will be found and the theory would be falsified like in the case of the white duck. Thus, it is suggested that a hypothetical deductive mode should be used, which is a repeated interplay between deductive and inductive reasoning, mediated by testing make in the real world, whereby false hypotheses are discarded through foot race and disproof. However, there is a possibility that somebody may stumble upon a case that falsifies the conclusion.The other knowledge issue raise is How far do our cultural beliefs distort our attempts to distinguish between subjective and objective theories?. For example, a recent case in India, where cultural beliefs are followed on a large extent, the idols of Lord Ganesha in temples all over the country were believed to be drinking milk from the offerings by visitors and pursual. Thus, the subjective truth of all the followers was that the idol of Lord Ganesha was drinking milk. However, scientists conducted various experiments on the idols thereafter and came out with an objective explanation whereby the subjective truth of the followers was falsified. The rationalists and the scientists renderd that the result was because of the surface tension and the absorption capabilities of the materials of w hich the idols were made .Thus, the cultural belief in India that the offerings by devotees are consumed by the god , gave rise to the subjective truth and distorted the objective truth.Also , another knowledge issue which is raised is How to do we get from our subjective beliefs to our objective truths ? . Darwins theory of evolution was found on his observations and is believed to be true especially by most of todays scientists. Darwins subjective belief in evolutionary theory was transformed into an objective truth. He proposed that all of the millions of species of organisms present today, including humans, evolved slowly over billions of years, from a common rootage by way of natural option1. However, certain counter-claims make us believe that the theory of evolution is false. According to the theory of natural selection birds could never evolve to fly2while this is certainly not the case. though subjective beliefs can be and have been transformed into objective truths by repeated experimentation, it is possible that a single counter-claim could forge the conclusion and prove the theory to be wrong.The distinction between subjective and objective truths also raises the knowledge issue Is emotion an effective way of distinguishing between subjective and objective truths ? . For example, in Ethics we may use reason efficaciously to distinguish between the reasons why we should switch off a life support machine on a family member and why we shouldnt, but reason may not take into broadsheet the emotional pressures we feel in the moment of flicking the switch, or emotion may even over-rule reason to some extent.The ongoing debate between subjective and objective truths also raises the knowledge issue Are there any abruptly certain objective truths independent of what we believe to be true? . This knowledge issue takes into account absolute truths. An absolute truth, sometimes called a universal truth, is an unalterable and stable fact3. Many religio ns contain absolute truths. For example, a Christian efficacy believe Lord Jesus to be his savior. To the Christian this may be an absolute truth. While many may agree that the Christian believes absolutely that Jesus is his Lord, they are unlikely to agree that Jesus is everyones Lord is an absolute truth. Centuries of missionary work is evidence of the human sense of infallibility in this field of honor and is shown by the movie the mission in which a Spanish jesuist travels to the southeastward American wilderness in the hope of converting the Indians into Christians . When a persons absolute truth is extended to all other people, it can be viewed as a philosophical statement of exclusion. Those who do not endorse the absolute truth of another are either pitied or attacked4and results in war and oppression.The method of the natural sciences involves perception as part of the collection of data to prove or disprove theories about the natural world for example , the development of the big bang theory by Edwin Hubble was based on his investigation of mysterious masses of stars called Nebulae. However, the problem is that a scientists observations may be control by the instruments they use to make their observations. However, several of these theories are considered as absolute truths today inspite of what we believe. Again, Historians might provide primary sources to represent the absolute objective truth of the horrors of Stalins reign of terror, but the problem is this how do we know that those sources havent been tampered with if Stalins governing was capable of doctoring evidence during his rule, isnt this even more rife in an age where everyone has access to Photoshop?

Personal Narrative of Acting in a Play Essay -- Personal Narrative Ess

Autobiography It was a normal sunshine morning, the weather was good and church had just finished. We were either having coffee and hence it struck me. There were lots of people in the hall, and they were all organism given a booklet. I wandered over there with a a few(prenominal) friends to try and see what they were doing. therefore I saw it. The front look at of the booklet they had. It had a weird name. At first I didnt understand. why was it promiseed Stanmore Scenes? I knew we were in Stanmore but I didnt realize why you would call something Stanmore Scenes. Even so it wasnt until later that I would understand more near it. That evening my mum had a phvirtuoso call from her sister. This helped me to find stunned what she and the others had been doing earlier that day. When I found out I was extremely confused. I didnt think my Aunty could act I didnt even think it was feasible for the church I went to, to put on a play intimately its life. It was mad. How could they put 150 years of history into a couple of hours? Was it mathematical to do? Anyway none of my friends were in it so why would I want to be in it, it was mad. So my friend Sarah and I immovable we would leave them to it. After that Sarah and I soon forgot astir(predicate) Stanmore Scenes. All until one day a few weeks later at school. We were all told about this play being put on at St. Johns church. We were also told that our school, St. Johns C of E middle school would be singing at it. That week there were auditions, to check we could sing, in order to gist the choir that would be singing in Stanmore Scenes. All my friends had gone through the audition to join the choir for the carol service, however I didn... ...s. They were extremely long Then Sarah popped her head out the door and we went down to wait in the vestry. in the long run it was time for our special part. At the end of the play, after everyone who took pa rt was on the stage and had finished singing. Then George Altman, my grandpa, made an announcement. He said, Please could Janet Davis, Daphne Johnson and slick Stevens come down to the front. When they were at the front he said, Now could the 3 young ladies come out and give the presentation to them. So Sarah, Abby and I came out in turn with a massive bunch of flowers for all 3 of the people who made Stanmore Scenes work. After they had received the flowers we sang Laudate Dominum for the break down time. When we had finished we all came off the stage and got out of our costumes for the last time. It was undimmed

Admissions Essay: To Fly Alone :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay To Fly Alone   Dr. Johnson ... Dr. Johnson.... As I wearily walked down the artificially lit corridor, I realized it was my fathers doc being paged. I turned and ran towards the intensive care unit I had left a few minutes ago. The sterilized odor of the infirmary overwhelmed me as I raced through a maze of white walls to stop his death.   After bolting through heavy metal doors, I saw doctors and nurses hasten frantically around the room. I could only hear one sound. It fill the air and was audible above all the commotion and the heavy hammering of my heart. The monotonous beep of the monitor meant Daddy was gone forever.   While posing next to his cold body, I focused at the crimson drops, which dye the yellow linoleum floor and slowly remembered what a terrible ordeal the past six weeks of hospitalization had been. My Life had changed forever since the solar day I sped through traffic with my Dad shivering in the back target next to my worried mother. I was scared to death without even subtle that the killer was Leukemia.   Although the chemotherapy proceeded well, it gradually wore my father away. The first side effects were a loss of appetite accompanied by nausea and vomiting. His hair evil out next, and I could tell my Fathers courage was beginning to waver. A look of pain and anguish had replaced his usual smile and with each passing day he looked more like my grandfather. It all seemed like a unstable dream.   While packing up hours after he had passed away, I put in a note directed towards me. It was in Fathers handwriting blurry scribbles because the euphony made his hands shake. I sat down and cried because it said in Spanish, My son, it is time for you to fly alone.   It is hard to understand Dads absence, and that he left on my 17th birthday. Although I miss him everyday I am agreeable for all the time we spent together and everything my father taught me. He pointed me in the right direction and made me believe in myself. There is tidy in this beautiful world, and life will always receive my outflank effort. I will never be embarrassed by my inheritance and will succeed. I know he is proud of me.

Thoreaus Message in Walden Essay example -- Thoreau Walden Essays Phi

Thoreaus Message in Walden In Walden, Henry D. Thoreau presented a radical and debatable perspective on society that was far beyond its epoch. In a period where growth both economically and territorially was seen as indispensable for the development of a premature country, Thoreau felt the opposite. Thoreau was a man in search of growth within himself and was not concerned with outward improvements in him or society. In the chapter entitled economy, he argued that pile were too active with work to truly appreciate what life has to offer. He felt the fore of this obsession with work was created through the misconstrued perception that material needs were a necessity, rather than a hindrance to true happiness and the full usage of life. He felt that outside improvement cant bring inner stillness and also working took all their available while. That is why he disapproved the judgment of Industrial revolution as it provided work for the plurality. Walden was writt en at the time of the Industrial revolution. The Industrial revolution created enormous opportunities for the people. Every bingle had his or her own work, doing the lead same things day in and day out. As Thoreau stated, He has no time to be anything badepose a machine(3). He argued that exorbitance possessions not solo required excess labor to purchase them but also disturbed the people spiritually with worry and constraint. As people supposed that they need to own things, this need forces them to devote all their time to labor, and the result is the loss of touch with their inner selves and also nature. He believed that people did not know the true meaning of life. That was why Thoreau voluntarily went to red-hot in Walden Pond for two years. He discovere... ...ole concept of work, for it not only separated man from nature but also destroyed it. For instance, trains essential railroads to function. Trees were needed for the foundation of the tracks. Therefore, the cost of building these railroads and other technological improvements was the demise of nature. Throughout the reading, it is evident that Thoreau is trying to portray to us that man is one with nature and that nature is the universal provider. However, at times he does count to contradict himself, when he himself states that he gains satisfaction from working with his beans. All state and done, Thoreau still believed that people could do without excessive worldly possessions and just rely on nature. Work Cited Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. Norton Anthology of American Literature. Shorter Fourth Edition. New York W.W. Norton, 1995.

Analyzing Love in Ovids Metamorphoses :: Ovid Metamorphoses Essays

Analyzing Love in Ovids MetamorphosesThere are many differences in the behavior of the yellowish brown and the rapist characters of the Metamorphoses. The standard markers of a live relationship include the initial love at first sight scene, often followed by a mortalal elegy of the love ones heightened qualities. (Chen) When one falls in love, everything about that person is wonderful and beautiful, including their versed being as well. The booster unit uses frequent and excessive metaphors and compliments to take in the favorite He looks at Daphnes hair as,unadorned, it hangs down her fair neck, and says full think,if she should comb her locks He sees her lips and never tries of them her fingers hands and wrists are unsurpassed her arms-more than half-bare- cannot be matched whatever he cant see he can imagine. (Ovid p.900)Daphnes unadorned hair already enchants Apollo, and ideate it all made up would simply be breathtaking. Certainly, the next detail, that Daphnes eyeb all sparkle like stars,clues us into the fact that Apollo is in love. The difference in the midst of love and lust, however, is that to the one in love, that person is truly beautiful two physically and on the inside, still the to the one that is lustful, that person is just a mere sex object. For example, in the myth of Io and Jove, Jupiter never comments about Ios beauty, scarcely only that she would make virtually lucky male happy in bed. Another defining delegate among many of Ovids love-struck protagonists is their loss of thinking(prenominal) control,as in all likelihood characteristic of a person in the heights of love. (Chen) For example, while Dapne is fleeing from him, Apollo asks her to soggy down before she hurts herself. He even suggest that he bequeath slow down too, so that she doesnt need to go so fast. solely when she doesnt, all he does is hurry up. In trying to talked to the loved one, the shunned lover uses any rhetoric available, whether rational or irrational, because often the lover is so overtaked by love that causa fails him. Such irrationalities in thought pick out to special pleading, inconsistency in bargaining, and ultimately failure to convince the adore one.Analyzing Love in Ovids Metamorphoses Ovid Metamorphoses EssaysAnalyzing Love in Ovids MetamorphosesThere are many differences in the behavior of the lover and the rapist characters of the Metamorphoses. The standard markers of a love relationship include the initial love at first sight scene, often followed by a personal elegy of the loved ones heightened qualities. (Chen) When one falls in love, everything about that person is wonderful and beautiful, including their inner being as well. The admirer uses frequent and excessive metaphors and compliments to describe the favorite He looks at Daphnes hair as,unadorned, it hangs down her fair neck, and says Just think,if she should comb her locks He sees her lips and never tries of them her fingers hands and wri sts are unsurpassed her arms-more than half-bare- cannot be matched whatever he cant see he can imagine. (Ovid p.900)Daphnes unadorned hair already enchants Apollo, and dreaming it all made up would simply be breathtaking. Certainly, the next detail, that Daphnes eyes sparkle like stars,clues us into the fact that Apollo is in love. The difference between love and lust, however, is that to the one in love, that person is truly beautiful both physically and on the inside, but the to the one that is lustful, that person is just a mere sex object. For example, in the myth of Io and Jove, Jupiter never comments about Ios beauty, but only that she would make some lucky male happy in bed. Another defining attribute among many of Ovids love-struck protagonists is their loss of rational control,as believably characteristic of a person in the heights of love. (Chen) For example, while Dapne is fleeing from him, Apollo asks her to slow down before she hurts herself. He even suggest that he will slow down too, so that she doesnt need to go so fast. But when she doesnt, all he does is speed up. In trying to talked to the loved one, the shunned lover uses any rhetoric available, whether rational or irrational, because often the lover is so overtaked by love that reason fails him. Such irrationalities in thought lead to special pleading, inconsistency in bargaining, and ultimately failure to convince the adored one.

Observation Essay †The Clown -- Observation Essays

Observation Essay The ClownHes a new man, the cuckoo, with snow-covered socks striped in black, and black suspenders over a white T-shirt. White face, red nose. His MO is to follow people and imitate their intercommunicate without their noticing, to the glee of the sizeable, ever-changing audience. Were sitting here on the locomote of the Museum, voluptuous and sweaty, watching the show. The clown deal follow anyone a slinky c arguing woman wearing pink ruffles, a kid with a mountain bike, a muscle-shirted dude talking Spanish on a cell phone, an experient man walking his schnauzer, a big gray pigeon bobbing this way and that in search of food, and then taking flight. Now he slides behind high-school girlfriends, floppy-sandaled flirts leaning toward each other and flinging back their hair with unthinking charm, the clown their vampy shadow. When he bids them goodbye, he flourishes a soft, velvet-bodied top hat, and you can limit his head is shaven, withdraw for a foreloc k. Now hes got a routine with a bottle of water. Its stuck in his mouth and silently he implores a guy to get it out for him. He has a way of get sudden spurts of water to cascade from it, while he looks surprised and rapturous at once. I have persuaded my friend Kati to leave me here for an second in the afternoon sunshine while she completes her tour of the Impressionists deep down. Shes in New York this once, visiting from Hungary, while I live in Philadelphia and can come back any time I choose. I became hot and dizzy while standing on a Rouen street, basking in the sun before Monets Cathedral. A red tide rose inside my eyeb wholes. Kati found me clinging to a bench in front of Seurats circus Sideshow and hauled me off to the Ladies Room, where she sprinkled cool water on my neck an... ...e gently, informing me that I have a virus, melodramatic old fool that I am. The clown has taken his place at the foot of the stairs and conducts us spectators alike an orchestra, gettin g us to applaud in counterpoint. Then he mimes a family, three kids, all of whom need to eat and drink, and proffers his floppy hat for our sustenance. When I hold out two dollars, he comes over and mimes opening the doors of his chest, so that the heart within flutters out to me. Kati comes and we head home, our minds full of the art we dictum today. As I rise from my spot on the steps, I see the clown shadow a man walking six dogs all at once, working his body back and forth on the tip of the unruliest, a sheep-dog. Then he takes a bottle of water offered by a vendor and puts it in his ear. Water squirts from his mouth, and he smiles, looking presently skyward, one hand on his hip.

Hate Groups in the United States Essay -- Gangs Racism Group Teenagers

hatred Groups in the United StatesRight now, there are many wide awake shun groups in the United States such as the Ku Klux Klan, Neo-Nazi, Skinheads, Christian identity, smuggled fissiparouss, etc. These abominate groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which is one of Americas oldest and more than feared, use violence and move above the law to promote their diametrical causes. A nonher example is a group called Christian Identity, who describes a holiness that is fundamentally racist and anti-Semitic and other are the Black Separatist groups, who are organizations whose ideologies include tenets of racially based hatred. Because of the information gathered by the Intelligence Project from detest groups publications, citizens reports, law enforcement agencies, field sources and word of honor reports, many good deal sack out about these hate groups. some(prenominal) people know how these groups act and think and most of the American people obtain that these hate groups are immor al and should not be allowed to exist uncomplete in the United States nor on the rest of the world.All the hate groups know that they can only flourish if they continue to recruit raw(a) members. third of the most obvious similarities among hate groups members are their sex, male their race, Caucasian and their age, 35 years old or younger. Many people think that the reasonableness young people are willing to join hate groups in high school and in college is that they are uncertain about their hold futuritys. Often people believe that the young people who join hate groups are those with the least education and the least to hope for in the future in the way of jobs, barely that does not follow anymore because hate has flourished on colleges and high school campuses. For members of the Ku Klux Klan, it is important that their message of hatred be carried to young people. The initiation of children and babies has being an important part of the Klan activities. It is so no-good and wrong that the Ku Klux Klan has even gone so far as to assist out at playgrounds. They look for little boys who play unsupervised. The Klan believes that these boys are authorisation members of the Klan because their parents do not care enough to watch them play. The child is believably growing up in a dysfunctional family that gives him little management and when he is older he will cling to the Klan because membership in this group will provide him with a strong family structure that his ... ...eir in the buff and young members that the different people are bad and all kinds of things. These lessons, which new members of these hate groups are learning, are wrong because they provoke the anger on its members and therefore the members drill hate crimes against those they hate for being different. That is why not only Blacks, Homosexuals, Asians and Hispanics, but also white people think that these hate groups should be banned so they can not commit crimes anymore.Many hat e groups in the United States use the first amendment as a shield to protect themselves from the law, they are bad examples to our following generations because they are arduous to recruit more members and change their way of think, these hate groups also commit a lot of crimes against those people that they think are different. That is why in the United States, many Americans are against all of the hate groups and they think that these hate groups should not be allow to exist. We all know that if the U.S. Government determine to ban them, they may be inn silent for many years, but we can count on the fact that they are there. They are The undetectable Empire and will always be the dark side to American History.

In Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Es

In Frederick Douglasss floor of the Life of Frederick Douglass,he appeals to the interest of the reader through his first playscriptaccounts of hard workerry, his use of irony in these descriptions, and hisbalance between indirectness and honesty.Douglasss descriptions of the harshness of slave smell are filled withhorrific details able to induce even the coldest hearts. The beginningof the book describes how Douglass lacks even the simplest receiptledgeof his own age. He goes on in the book to describe how he has no veracious knowledge of his age, because he has never seen any of theauthentic records containing it. By uttermost the larger part of the slaves,know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it isprobably the wish of most masters to keep their slaves with only alimited amount of knowledge.In saying this Douglass is showing how low the life of a slave iscompared to other humans. The idea of slaves being seen as hardly workanimals is placed into our min ds and is set for an idea to shape thelife of Frederick Douglass.Douglass withal gives acco...

Stonehenge :: essays research papers

I. On Salisbury plain in southerly England stands Stonehenge, the most famous of all megalithic sites. Stonehenge is unique among the monuments of the ancient world. discriminate on a windswept plain, built by a slew with no scripted language, Stonehenge challenges our imagination.      The impressive stone circle stands near the pate of a gently sloping hill on Salisbury Plain about thirty miles from the English Channel. The stones are visible eachplace the hills for a mile or two in every direction. Stonehenge is one of over fifty thousand prehistoric "megalithics" in Europe.      As Stonehenge is approached, the forty fiend stones bet to touch the sky. Most of the stones stand twenty-four or more(prenominal) feet high. Some stones weigh as much as forty tons. Others are smaller, weighing only five tons. At first glance, the stones may seem to be a natural formation. But a closer calculate shows that only human imagination and determination could draw created Stonehenge.II.     The Stonehenge today looks quite a different from the Stonehenge of old. Wind and weather have destroyed a miniature of Stonehenge over the ages. People have destroyed much more.     Today, less than half(a) of the original stones still stand as their builders planned. Many of the once salutary stones lie on their sides. Religious fanatics, who felt threatened by the mysteries comprise by Stonehenge, knocked over many of the standing stones. They toppled some of the huge stones, which then(prenominal) split into pieces they buried others.     Other stones were "quarried" over the centuries as free grammatical construction material and hauled away. Even into this century, visitors have come with hammers to carry away a chip of stone with them.III.     Only in recent years have the stones been protected from the huge amounts of people that see them every year. No time-consuming can anyone roam among the stones. Too much damage, intentional or not, has been do by the hundreds of thousands of visitors. Today, tourists are even prevented from walking between the stones for fear that the millions of footsteps every year might make the stones unstable.IV.     The twelfth-century English writer and historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth, first enter Merlins building of Stonehenge in his famous book History of the Kings of Britain. Geoffrey claimed that his book was a translation of "a certain very ancient book written in the British language." However, no other scholar or historian knows of the existence of such a book.According to Geoffrey, the great stones were brought from Ireland to England to mark the sepulchre place of a group of slain British princes.

Rising Cost of Gas And Oil Prices :: Economics

Not only have gas and anele prices changed but they have made everything else go up in price. The apostrophize of living and the way that hatful be living is effected by these rising speak tos. In this paper I will discuss the opposite ways that these prices are affecting commonplace life. The way that everyone has changed things in in that respect life would be transportation and business exists. Gas Prices have changed a lot over the years and it seems to be increasing in cost and that it is not firing to change. According to Foreman (2008), in 1981 the cost per congius was $1.35 and now the cost is between $2.84 to $3.23 . Some of the reasons that the cost of gas is going up is because of the rising cost of petroleum. Gas prices are affecting multitude in there everyday lives with driving, living expenses, and with the cost of their living. Families are having to exercise a budget for there fuel and are having to not become as much. Oil Prices are at there highest meridians and the repercussion of this is the cost of gas and the cost of living. The cost per barrel is going up, at that point the cost of fuel goes up as well as everyday costs. The cost per barrel is $91.77 to $ 100.09 ( Oil prices rise back above $91 a barrel, 2008) , this year alone and only seems to be getting worse. The struggle has helped to make the cost of oil go up, because we are at state of war with Iraq and that is where we get our oil. There is a shortness of oil and with this the cost of oil will go up, so will the cost of living, and the cost of fuel. crosswise the United States individuals are feeling the high prices of gas and oil prices. These prices are starting to hurt our economy because people are not macrocosm able to travel as much as they used to be able to. Families are feeling the hurt when they do travel because when people go to go camping with there children it costs more in food then they had in there budget and same wit h fuel.

Accounts Settled: A Review :: essays research papers

Accounts Settled A ReviewIn the book, Accounts Settled, there is only one major character namedGordon. Gordon is seventeen, six feet tall, and has the beginning of a beard.The main hard-boiledting is in a forest-filled valley that is a grayback from Gordons home.The story does not give a specific date just the most logical time this storytakes place is in the overwinter during the early 1900s.The inciting incident in the story is when Gordons dad came down withflu-pneumonia and Gordon essential take his place in taking care of the trapline thathe had set up in the forest. The conflict of the story is internal and externalbecause Gordon had to heart himself and nature. The ascension action started whenGordon had a sense of fear as he went into the valley. The, the porcupine stolehis food and Gordon was going to kill it but remembered an obsolete woodsman talethat its bad luck to ill a porcupine. Gordon accordingly goes to bed, hungry and ittook him awhile to fall asleep. He later wakes up to fancy a cougar ready topounce on him. The cougar venereal infection not strike yet because it is waiting for Gordonto move. Gordon knows better and stayed in the equivalent position for what seemedlike hours. Suddenly, the porcupine returns to look for more food and thisdisrupts the cougar. The cease is when Gordon quickly reaches for his gun andshoots the cougar. The resolution is when Gordon "cries the final tears of hisboyhood" and he is at last a man.This writer used suspense in his story many an(prenominal) times. For instance, "hiseyes held the boy unwinkingly as he waited in the fiendish path of cats for the second when the man must stir, or make an attempt to escape, the moment when hisingrained fear of man would be swallowed up by the rising tide of his blood-lust" and "moments passed, horrible heart-thudding moments, during which neither

Jacob Lawrence :: essays research papers

Jacob LawrenceJacob Lawrences unique c beer has earned him a National Medal Of humanistic discipline , election to the National Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Academy of Design,a National Council of the Arts commisionership, and dozens of honorary degrees and awards, including the NAACPs Spingarn Medal. His paintings has been freatured in several major art exhibitions and many various museums. Lawrences p arnts came from the s pophwestward but they moved to Harlem where Lawrence grew up. Lawrence was born in 1917 and grew up in Harlem during the broad Depression. He had many extraordinary educational oppurtunities as well as his first employment as an artist. In the studio of his mentor, Charles Alston, young Lawrence variegated while the Harlem Renaissance was blooming with a generation of young artists and writers. He studied at the Harlem Art Workshop from 1932-1937 and at the American Artists work from 1937-1939. In the 1930s there was two main art groups,rea lism art and abstractionism art. Lawrence rejected both of them and made up his own style of art. His paintings are alive with human figures, usually African Americans,engaged in all different types of activities. He dipicted the figures in his paintings with dignity and grace. He got his ideas from several different sources. He used repetitive paterns and a lot of different colors and invention which are commonly found in a quilt or an African textile. He made up to as many as 60 paintings which are each telling a fabrication and the messages are usually of human triumph over oppression and injustice. Although his paintings often mend to the history and experience of disgraceful people their themes are universal. Lawrence allso made murals for his story telling. Throughout most of the 20th century , art institutions within black communities were the only places that exhibited the work of black artists. If other galleries did have black exhibits they were singled out as "Neg ro artists" or "Negro Art". Without gallery exposure, they were seldom noticed by influential people or obtain steal prices. In 1941 Alain Locke, a friend of Lawrences introduced Lawrences Migration series to the owner New Yorks business district Gallery Edith Halpert. Edith immediately organized an exhibition for Lawrences art work, and Lawrence joined the allot few group of artists she presented, which included Stuart Davis, Charles Sheeler, and Ben Shahn. Lawrences Migration series was purchased and divided between the Museum of new-fashioned Art and the Phillips Collection.

A Comparison of The Pardoners Tale and Beowulf :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Importance of The Pardoners news report and Beowulf   literary write up is a account statement of the major literary traditions, movements, whole kit and caboodle, and authors of a country, region, etc. (Barber 837). The collar of literary history allows us insight into the past, a recognition of historical events and tensions written into the crops of those who witnessed them. By including social behaviors, political tensions, and common folklore, historical authors have indirectly provided the reader with a broader and deeper understanding of the literature and the period in which it was written. withal insight into collective societal culture, literary history has provided future writers with models of poetic device, style and content influencing literary works and building upon past literary ideas. Literary history is a vehicle to understanding the past and plays a major role in its influence on literature up to and including the present day. Knowledge of histor ical literature gives us insight into the traditions and societal conventions of the time in which the physical composition was written. One outstanding example comes from Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is a literary work which enables a reader to glimpse not only the societal customs but into the savage and seemingly indocile environment of the first century. Literary historian, Raymond domiciliate points out that in the battle between Grendel and Beowulf it appears as though Grendel is representative of the degraded form of military personnel life attempting to gain antecedent through violence, in his attempt to put down Hrothgar and take bidding of Heorot he is fatally wounded by Beowulf. Beowulf is a character who exemplifies the collective societal agreement as to the role of a hero and his duty to constraint a seemingly ungovernable environment (Chambers 46). The Beowulf poet describes Grendel and Beowulf as Both ..enraged, lyssa filled, the two who meant to control the hall. (Beowulf 36). The fight for control of the hall could be seen as representative of the struggle between entire and evil or maybe the control of the king over an insubordinate people. Taking into account Mr. Chambers explanation of Grendel, a reader may also reason that the dragon symbolizes a threat from outside the valet de chambre realm. One notes that the dragon is not given the human-centered qualities of Grendel, he has no kin and appears to have no mortal thoughts. Due to his lack of humanistic characteristics, the reader may believe that the dragon is less representative of a human threat such as an enemy warrior, etc.A Comparison of The Pardoners Tale and Beowulf comparison compare contrast essaysThe Importance of The Pardoners Tale and Beowulf   Literary history is a history of the major literary traditions, movements, works, and authors of a country, region, etc. (Barber 837). The understanding of literary history allows us insight into the past, a recognition of historical events and tensions written into the works of those who witnessed them. By including societal behaviors, political tensions, and common folklore, historical authors have indirectly provided the reader with a broader and deeper understanding of the literature and the period in which it was written. Besides insight into collective societal culture, literary history has provided future writers with models of poetic device, style and content influencing literary works and building upon past literary ideas. Literary history is a vehicle to understanding the past and plays a major role in its influence on literature up to and including the present day. Knowledge of historical literature gives us insight into the traditions and societal conventions of the time in which the piece was written. One outstanding example comes from Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is a literary work which enables a reader to glimpse not only the societal customs but into the savage and seemin gly uncontrollable environment of the first century. Literary historian, Raymond Chambers points out that in the fight between Grendel and Beowulf it appears as though Grendel is representative of the degraded form of human life attempting to gain power through violence, in his attempt to overthrow Hrothgar and take control of Heorot he is fatally wounded by Beowulf. Beowulf is a character who exemplifies the collective societal agreement as to the role of a hero and his duty to control a seemingly ungovernable environment (Chambers 46). The Beowulf poet describes Grendel and Beowulf as Both ..enraged, fury filled, the two who meant to control the hall. (Beowulf 36). The fight for control of the hall could be seen as representative of the struggle between good and evil or perhaps the control of the king over an uncontrollable people. Taking into account Mr. Chambers explanation of Grendel, a reader may also reason that the dragon symbolizes a threat from outside the human realm. One notes that the dragon is not given the humanistic qualities of Grendel, he has no kin and appears to have no mortal thoughts. Due to his lack of humanistic characteristics, the reader may believe that the dragon is less representative of a human threat such as an enemy warrior, etc.